بازخیزش چین از منظر رویکرد نظری رئالیسم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای روابط بین الملل، گروه روابط بین‌الملل، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران ، ایران

2 دانشیار روابط بین الملل، گروه روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران ، ایران

10.22099/ijas.2024.50410.1004

چکیده

امپراتوری چین قریب به 500 سال هژمون منطقه و ضامن ثبات و نظم منطقه­ای هم از طریق اعمال قدرت نظامی و اقتصادی و هم از طریق نفوذ و قدرت نرم فرهنگی بود. گسترش قدرت­های غربی به‌خصوص بریتانیا به شرق، چالشی مهم برای تسلط چین و نظم مستقر چینی در اوایل قرن نوزدهم ایجاد کرد و این تسلط درنتیجه افزایش رقابت با غرب در دو جنگ تریاک و همچنین افول داخلی سلسله و پادشاهی «چینگ» که باعث باز شدن درهای چین به روی غرب شد، فروپاشید و دوره «طلایی» نظم مسلط چینی به پایان رسید. این پایان، تلخ­ترین و دردناک‌ترین مسئله در تاریخ دویست سال اخیر چین بوده است تا جایی که از آن به‌عنوان دوره یا «قرن تحقیر» نیز یاد می­کنند؛ دوره­ای که نه­تنها باعث فروپاشی این کشور در مواجهه استراتژیک با غرب و نظم غربی شد بلکه همچنین چین را از یک امپراتوری بزرگ به یک دولت ضعیف تبدیل کرد و در نتیجه آن، دویست سال به حاشیه سیاست بین­الملل رانده شد. به نظر می­رسد با افزایش و انباشت قدرت صورت گرفته به‌خصوص در دو دهه گذشته، چین در حال خروج از حاشیه به متن سیاست بین‌الملل است؛ نقل و انتقالی که هم می­تواند آثار مهمی بر نظام و سیاست بین­الملل امروز و هم بر انتخاب­های استراتژیک دیگر بازیگران داشته باشد. این مقاله تلاش دارد تا به این سؤال پاسخ دهد که بازخیزش چین و بازگشت این کشور از حاشیه به متن سیاست بین­الملل چه آثار و پیامدهایی را برای نظم بین­الملل مستقر و انتخاب­های استراتژیک بازیگران اساسی موجود در این حوزه دارد؟ فرضیه مورد آزمون این است که بلوغ نهایی فرایند بازخیزش چین نمی­تواند یک فرایند و بازخیزش مسالمت­آمیز باشد. این مقاله فرضیه مدنظر را با استفاده از رویکرد نظری رئالیسم و روش توصیفی – تحلیلی موردبررسی  قرار می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The revival of China from the perspective of the theoretical approach of Realism

نویسندگان [English]

  • mohammad zare 1
  • golamali chegnizadeh 2
1 PhD Candidate in International Relations, International Relations Department, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor of International Relations, International Relations Department, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

For almost 500 years, the Chinese empire was the hegemon of the region and the guarantor of regional stability and order both through the exercise of military and economic power, as well as through cultural influence and soft power. The expansion of Western powers, especially Britain, to the East created a significant challenge to China's dominance and the established Chinese order in the early 19th century. Ultimately, this dominance collapsed as a result of increased competition with the West in the two Opium Wars, and the internal decline of the "Qing" dynasty and kingdom, which opened China's doors to the West. The "golden period" of the dominant Chinese order came to an end. This end has been the most bitter and painful issue in the history of China in the last two hundred years, to the extent that it is often referred to as the "century of humiliation," a period that not only caused the collapse of China in its strategic confrontation with the West and the Western order but also transformed China from a great empire into a weak state, a state that was pushed to the margins of international politics for nearly two hundred years.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Revival
  • realism
  • strategic competition
  • order
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