امکان سنجی مرزبندی میان مخالفان سیاسی و معارضین مسلح؛ با تأکید مدل تحریرالشام سوریه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی سیاسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناسی‌ارشد فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی، واحد قم ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، قم ، ایران

10.22099/ijas.2025.52257.1026

چکیده

در دنیای معاصر، به‌ویژه در خاورمیانه، ما شاهد پدیده‌ای خطرناک هستیم که به‌طور خواسته یا ناخواسته، تهدیدی جدی برای دموکراسی در جهان محسوب می‌شود. این پدیده، نوعی مشروعیت‌بخشی به گروه‌های تروریستی و بازتعریف آن‌ها در قالب «مخالفان سیاسی» است که از آن به‌عنوان «تطهیر سیاسی تروریسم» یاد می‌شود. این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و بهره‌گیری از روش اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای، به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که آیا در شرایط معاصر می‌توان میان مخالفان سیاسی و گروه‌های تروریستی که بعضاً به قدرت نیز رسیده‌اند، مرزبندی روشنی قائل شد؟ یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که قدرت‌های بزرگ و بازیگران منطقه‌ای، بسته به منافع خود، تعاریف متغیری از تروریسم و مخالفت سیاسی ارائه می‌دهند. در مدل تحریرالشام سوریه، چرخش سیاست‌های ایالات‌متحده نسبت به ابو محمد الجولانی، رهبر این گروه، نمونه‌ای آشکار از تطهیر سیاسی تروریسم محسوب می‌شود. نتایج این تحقیق تأکید دارد که برای جلوگیری از چنین پدیده‌ای در سطح سیستم بین‌الملل و منطقه، لازم است. تعریف شفاف مفاهیم مانند تروریسم و مخالفت سیاسی همراه با ضمانت‌های اجرایی بین‌المللی ارائه شود. حمایت از مخالفان سیاسی مشروع و دارای رویکرد مسالمت‌آمیز تقویت شود. سازوکارهای همکاری بین‌المللی صرفاً در چارچوب سازمان ملل متحد تنظیم شود تا از مداخلات سیاسی و برخوردهای دوگانه اجتناب شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Feasibility of Establishing a Clear Boundary Between Political Opponents and Armed Opposition: Emphasizing the Rejection of the Political Sanitization of Terrorism in the Syrian Tahrir al-Sham Model

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Mohammad Reza Mousavi Fard 1
  • Farshid Bahador 2
  • Roghayeh Mehri 3
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
2 PhD student in Political Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
3 Master of Fiqh and Basics of Islamic,,Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
چکیده [English]

In the contemporary Middle East, we observe a dangerous phenomenon that, whether intentional or unintentional, poses a serious threat to global democracy. This phenomenon involves the legitimization of terrorist groups and their redefinition as "political opponents," a process referred to as the "political sanitization of terrorism." This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing documentary and library research methods, seeks to answer the question of whether, in contemporary circumstances, a clear boundary can be drawn between political opponents and terrorist groups, some of which have even attained power. The findings indicate that major powers and regional actors define terrorism and political opposition differently, depending on their strategic interests. In the case of the Syrian Tahrir al-Sham model, the shift in U.S. policies toward Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the leader of the group, serves as a clear example of the political sanitization of terrorism. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of preventing such a phenomenon at both the international and regional levels. To achieve this, a clear definition of concepts such as terrorism and political opposition must be established, accompanied by binding international enforcement mechanisms. Additionally, support for legitimate political opposition groups that adhere to peaceful approaches should be reinforced.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Terrorism
  • Political Opposition
  • Sanitization
  • Political Legitimacy
  • Global Powers

مراجع

ذوالفقاری، اکبر. (1402). فهم ریشه‌ها و علل آنومی سیاسی. فصلنامه علمی راهبرد سیاسی، 7(3).
غفاری، هدی (1385). حقوق مخالفان سیاسی در حکومت امام علی (ع)، فصلنامه فقه و حقوق خانواده، بهار و تابستان، شماره‌های 41 و 42.
حیدری فرد، مهدی؛ پور قصاب امیری، علی (1400). جنگ جهانی علیه تروریسم از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل بشر‌دوستانه، فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل،54(1).
شاکری زواردهی، روح‌الله و مقدمی شهیدانی، سهراب. (1398). بازکاوی پروژه تطهیر پهلوی در منابع تاریخی منتشر شده در جمهوری اسلامی. فصلنامه علمی پژوهش‌های انقلاب اسلامی، 8(1).
بیات، جلیل. (1398). تأثیر رسانه‌های اجتماعی بر دگرگونی ماهیت گروه‌های تروریستی (با تأکید بر داعش و القاعده). فصلنامه آفاق امنیت، 12(44).
Ajjoub, O. (2021). HTS is not al-Qaeda, but it is still an authoritarian regime to be reckoned with. Lund University Publications. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/b7b6d80d-7bd9-4731-ab79-a88396d4e22c
Al Kassir, A. (2021). Change and continuity in the thought and praxis of Salafi-Jihadism: Studying the case of al-Nusra Front in Syria between 2012 and 2018. Birkbeck, University of London.
Aldoughli, R. (2024). The End of the 'Revolution' but Not the Revolutionaries: Insights from Syrian Fighters. Conflict, Security & Development. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from Taylor & Francis
Al-Tamimi, A. J. (2017). The Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham-Al-Qaeda Dispute: Primary Texts (II). Middle East Forum. Retrieved from Middle East Forum
Altaweel, R. (2022). Military-Political-Social Roles of Islamist Opposition Armed Groups under the Weak State: The Case of Syria. Chiba University. Retrieved from Chiba University
Bakkour, S. (2023). The Last Jihadist Battle in Syria: Externalisation and the Regional and International Responses to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in Idlib. Religions, MDPI. Retrieved from MDPI
Bamber, M., & Svensson, I. (2023). Resisting Radical Rebels: Variations in Islamist Rebel Governance and the Occurrence of Civil Resistance. Terrorism and Political Violence. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from Taylor & Francis
Bøås, M., Osland, K. M., & Erstad, H. U. (2019). Islamic insurgents in the MENA region: Global threat or regional menace? Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).
Bruce, A. G. (2023, May 26). Definition of terrorism - Social and political effects JMVH. JMVH. https://jmvh.org/article/definitionof-terrorism-social-and-political-effects
Chenoweth, E. (2010). Democratic competition and terrorist activity. The Journal of Politics, 72(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381609990442
CNN. (2024, December 6). Syria rebel forces Hayat Tahrir al-Sham al-Jolani. https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/06/middleeast/syria-rebel-forces-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-al-jolani-intl-latam/index.html
Denselow, J. (2017). The Syrian jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the evolution of an insurgency. International Affairs, 93(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiw024
Drevon, J. (2024). Can Jihadis' Strategic Interests Trump Their Ideology? Foreign Support and Insurgent Survival in Syria. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from Taylor & Francis
Drevon, J., & Haenni, P. (2022). Redefining global jihad and its termination: The subjugation of Al-Qaeda by its former franchise in Syria. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2022.2058351
Elsayed, A. (2024). Beliefs and International Legitimacy. InIIS Academy. Retrieved from Academia.edu
Executive Order 13224 - United States Department of State. (2025, January 13). United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/bureau-of-counterterrorism/executive-order-13224
Ghatak, S. (2023). Taming the beast: Democratic institutions and terrorist groups’ involvement in civil war. Terrorism and Political Violence. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2256399
Grant-Brook, W. (2023). The State in Idlib: Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and Complexity Amid the Syrian Civil War. Rebel Governance in the Middle East, Springer. Retrieved from Springer
Gupta, S., & Gupta, K. (2018). Durkheim’s theory of anomie and the 2016 American election. Journal of Global Economy, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1956/jge.v14i1.484
Hand, A. W., & Saiya, N. (2022). Democracy’s ambivalent effect on terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 67(7–8). https://doi.org/10.1177/00220027221143967
How Hayat Tahrir al-Sham landed on U.S. terrorist lists—and why it should stay there for now. (2024). The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-landed-us-terrorist-lists-and-why-it-should-stay-there-now
Ibish, H. (2016, August 18). Calling Al Qaeda’s bluff. Document - Gale AcademicOneFile. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA460918457&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22699740&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Ebf865ee3&aty=open-web-entry
Ionescu, O., Tavani, J. L., & Collange, J. (2021). Political extremism and perceived anomie: New evidence of political extremes’ symmetries and asymmetries within French samples. International Review of Social Psychology, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.573
Kassir, A. A. (2024). “Intentionality” in radical flank effects: Reflections on Al-Nusra Front’s discourse of moderation between 2012–2017. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2024.2373079
Kaya, S. (2024). Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra. Handbook of Terrorist and Insurgent Groups. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from Taylor & Francis
Keser, A., & Fakhoury, F. (2025). Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) from an Insurgent Group to a Local Authority: Emergence, Development, and Social Support Base. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Retrieved from HKU Open Access
Kuzmenkov, V. A., & Soina, I. Y. (2021). Doublethink and anomie: Ethical and political context. Cuestiones Políticas, 39(69). https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.15
Newman, E. (2006). Exploring the “root causes” of terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100600704069
Philipp, M., & Lutscher. (2016). The more fragmented the better?—The impact of armed forces structure on defection during nonviolent popular uprisings. International Interactions, 42(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1093476
Phillips, B. J. (2024). Threat perception, policy diffusion, and the logic of terrorist group designation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Taylor & Francis.
Prabha, K. (2000). Defining terrorism: Strategic analysis: A monthly journal of the IDSA. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_apr00prk01.html#note1
Puryear, C., Kubin, E., & Gray, K. (2024, October 29). People overestimate political opponents’ immorality. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/people-overestimate-political-opponents-immorality
Schlichte, K., & Schneckener, U. (2015). Armed groups and the politics of legitimacy. Civil Wars, Taylor & Francis.
Schwab, R. (2023). Competitive Rebel Governance in Syria. Rebel Governance in the Middle East, Springer. Retrieved from ResearchGate
Turan, R. İ. (2024). US removes $10M bounty on HTS leader following talks in Damascus. AA. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/us-removes-10m-bounty-on-hts-leader-following-talks-in-damascus/3430469
Walker, C. P. (1984). Irish republican prisoners — Political detainees, prisoners of war or common criminals? Irish Jurist (1966-), 19(2). http://www.jstor.org/stable/44027778
War and terrorism. (2023, October 7). Manual for Human Rights Education With Young People. https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/war-and-terrorism
Willmott, D. (2000). It’s time to bring our political prisoners home. In Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10929-3_25
Winter, C. (2023). Reframing Jihadism: Deciphering the Identity, Politics, and Agenda of Hay'at Tahrir al‐Sham in Northwest Syria. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library
Yusof, S. H., Hassan, F., & Hassan, M. S. (2013). The framing of international media on Islam and terrorism. European Scientific Journal.
Zelin, A. Y. (2023). The Age of Political Jihadism: A Study of Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham. Google Books. Retrieved from Google Books

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار