نقش دولت در گذار توسعه ای سنگاپور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای علوم سیاسی گرایش سیاستگذاری عمومی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد تمام گروه علوم سیاسی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

10.22099/ijas.2025.53380.1039

چکیده

مقدمه: ترکیب رشد بالای اقتصادی و اقتدارگرایی سیاسی و نقش‌برجسته دولت در رشد و توسعه اقتصادی در سنگاپور ما را متوجه ویژگی‌های خاص و متفاوت با مدل غرب می‌نماید. نقش کلیدی دولت سنگاپور در این گذار توسعه‌ای ما را بر آن داشت تا بررسی این نقش، چگونگی ایفای سیاست‌گذاری توسعه‌ای توسط دولت و ویژگی‌های چنین دولتی بپردازیم تا با واکاوی اجزای این دولت بدانیم که چه چیزی باعث شد تا دولت سنگاپور بتواند ایفاگر نقشی کلیدی در این گذار توسعه‌ای باشد.
روش‌: سؤال اصلی تحقیق حاضر عبارت است از: نقش دولت در گذار توسعه‌ای سنگاپور چه بوده و این دولت دارای چه ویژگی‌هایی است که توانست گذار توسعه‌ای را راهبری کند؟ برای پاسخ به این سؤال به واکاوی اجزای دولت سنگاپور و سنجش وضعیت این دولت با متغیرهای مدنظر لفتویچ برای دولت توسعه‌گرا خواهیم پرداخت تا عیار ‌توسعه‌گرایی این دولت سنجیده شود.
یافته‌ها: واژه دولت توسعه‌گرا به‌عنوان یک واژۀ انتزاعی از دل تجربه توسعه ژاپن و سپس برخی کشورهای شرق و جنوب شرق آسیا وارد ادبیات توسعه گردید. تجربه رشد اقتصادی کشورهایی چون کره جنوبی، تایوان، سنگاپور، چین، هنگ‌کنگ و مالزی (لفتویچ،1400) و افزایش سطح رفاه و استانداردهای زندگی مردم این کشورها باعث شد پدیده‌ای رخ دهد که از آن تحت عنوان معجزۀ اقتصادی یاد می‌شود. علی‌رغم تفاوت‌های موجود میان این کشورها، بیشتر نظریه‌پردازان عامل موفقیت این کشورها را در عرصۀ سیاسی و نهادی این کشورها جست‌وجو می‌کردند و نظریۀ دولت توسعه‌گرا با عطف به عرصۀ سیاست و «پیوند اقتصاد و سیاست» و موضوع «دولت» به‌عنوان کانون توسعه، صورت‌بندی گردید و فقط چنین دولتی است که می‌تواند گذار توسعه‌ای را راهبری کند. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که توسعه فراتر از رشد اقتصادی بوده و مستلزم تغییرات رادیکال در نظام اجتماعی و جابه‌جایی طبقاتی و صنعتی‌شدن از طریق نقش و کارکرد منحصربه‌فرد و ویژه دولتی توسعه‌خواه است و سنگاپور نیز با نقش‌آفرینی ویژه دولت تحت یک فرایند انقلاب از بالا و با استفاده از سیاست‌گذاری توسعه‌ای و مؤلفه‌هایی مانند عمل‌گرایی راهبردی و سیاسی و نگاه خارجی موفق به گذار به یک وضعیت توسعه‌یافته شده است. دولت سنگاپور به این دلیل توانست امر توسعه را راهبری کند که از ویژگی‌هایی دولت توسعه‌گرا برخوردار بود. در سنگاپور مرکزیت اصلی نخبگان توسعه‌گرا را حزب اقدام مردم سنگاپور تشکیل می‌دهد. حزب اقدام مردم از زمان استقلال تاکنون در همه انتخابات‌ها پیروز شده است و به‌نوعی حزب مسلط سنگاپور است. هیئت توسعه اقتصادی سازمان مرکزی هدایت‌کننده توسعه در سنگاپور بوده است و وظیفه اصلی‌اش تمرکز بر ارتقا سرمایه‌گذاری و جذب سرمایه بود. دولت سنگاپور همچنان دارای استقلال رأی بالایی است و توانایی بالایی در مدیریت تعارضات میان دولت بخش خصوصی یا بخش خصوصی با همدیگر دارد و این نقش پررنگ دولت توسط بخش خصوصی به رسمیت شناخته‌شده و تا امروز تداوم دارد. مدیریت روابط دولت با بخش خصوصی داخلی، بخش خصوصی خارجی خاصه شرکت‌های چندملیتی و دولت‌های خارجی و موفقیت مداوم و هفتادساله دولت سنگاپور در مدیریت این بخش‌ها نشان‌دهنده توان بالای دولت توسعه‌گرای سنگاپور در مدیریت منافع اقتصادی بخش خصوصی و هدایت سرمایه به سمت اهداف توسعه‌ای است. جامعه مدنی سنگاپور نسبتاً ضعیف و اغلب تحت کنترل دولت توصیف‌شده است. دولت به‌وضوح در امور اجتماعی مداخله و برداشتش از منافع ملی را ترویج می‌دهد. در سنگاپور شاهد مبادله میان دولت - شهروند هستیم. مشروعیت عملکردی یا موفقیت‌های اقتصادی و توسعه‌ای شتابان و مداوم در طول دهه‌ها به دولت تک‌حزبی اجازه می‌دهد تا مشروعیت سیاسی خود را بدون نیاز به تقسیم قدرت با سایرین حفظ نماید.
نتیجه‌گیری: دولت سنگاپور دارای عیار بالایی از توسعه‌گرایی به سبک دولت توسعه‌گرای لفتویچ بود و به همین دلیل توانست گذر توسعه‌ای را راهبری کند و یکی از رشدهای خیره‌کننده و معجزه‌آسا را رقم بزند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The role of State in Singapore's development transition

نویسندگان [English]

  • saeed safi 1
  • ahmad movasaghi 2
1 PhD candidate in political science majoring in public policy Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Professor of Political Science Department, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The combination of high economic growth and political authoritarianism, and the prominent role of the government in Singapore's economic growth and development, makes us aware of specific characteristics that differ from the Western model. The key role of the Singaporean government in this developmental transition prompted us to examine its role in development policymaking and the characteristics of such a government. By analysing the components of this government, we can understand what enabled the Singaporean state to play a key role in this developmental transition.
Methodology
The main question of the present study is: What was the role of the state in Singapore's developmental transition, and what characteristics of this government enabled it to lead it? To answer this question, we will analyse the components of the Singaporean state and assess the status of this government using Leftwich's variables for a developmental state to gauge its degree of development.
Findings
The term developmental state entered development literature as an abstract term from the development experience of Japan and then some East and Southeast Asian countries. The experience of economic growth in countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, and the increase in the level of welfare and living standards of the people of these countries, caused a phenomenon to occur that is referred to as the economic miracle. Despite the differences between these countries, most theorists searched for the factors behind the success of these countries in the political and institutional arenas of these countries, and the theory of the developmental state was formulated by referring to the arena of politics and the "link between economics and politics" and the issue of "the state" as the center of development, and only such a state can guide the developmental transition. The research findings show that development goes beyond economic growth and requires radical changes in the social system, class displacement, and industrialisation through the unique and special role and function of a developmental state. Singapore has also succeeded in transitioning to a developed state with the special role of the state under a process of revolution from above and using development policymaking and components such as strategic and political pragmatism and a foreign perspective. The Singaporean government was able to lead development because it had the characteristics of a developmental state. In Singapore, the main centre of the developmental elite is the Singapore People's Action Party. The People's Action Party has won all elections since independence and is, in a way, the dominant party in Singapore. The Economic Development Board has been the central organisation guiding development in Singapore, and its main task is to focus on promoting investment and attracting capital. The Singaporean government still has a high degree of independence and has a high ability to manage conflicts between the government and the private sector or between the private sectors. This prominent role of the government has been recognised by the private sector and continues to this day. The management of the government's relations with the domestic private sector, the foreign private sector, especially multinational corporations and foreign governments, and the continuous success of the Singaporean government in managing these sectors for seventy years, demonstrates the high ability of the Singaporean developmental State to manage the economic interests of the private sector and direct capital towards development goals. Singapore's civil society has been described as relatively weak and often under the control of the government. The government clearly promotes intervention in social affairs and its perception of national interests. In Singapore, we see an exchange between the government and the citizens. Functional legitimacy or rapid and continuous economic and development successes over decades allow the single-party government to maintain its political legitimacy without the need to share power with others.
Conclusion
The Singaporean government had a high degree of development in the style of Leftwich's developmental state, and for this reason, it was able to lead a developmental transition and achieve one of the most stunning and miraculous growths.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Singapore
  • developmental state
  • developmental transition
  • Singapore development
  • political economy

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 خرداد 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 31 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 20 شهریور 1404
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 مهر 1404

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