گذار از دولت توسعه‌گرای کلاسیک به دولت توسعه‌گرای هوشمند؛ مطالعه موردی هنگ‌کنگ

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای علوم سیاسی - سیاستگذاری عمومی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

مقدمه
گذر زمان باعث ایجاد چالش‌های نظری و تجربی برای دولت توسعه‌گرا گردید.بطوریکه مدل کلاسیک نیمه دوم قرن بیستمی قادر به ادامه تبیین توسعه در عصر دیجیتال و فناوری نبوده و این مفهوم باید خود را با الزامات عصر دیجیتال و فناوری انطباق دهد.اینجاست که پای مدل جدید دولت توسعه‌گرا یعنی دولت توسعه‌گرای هوشمند که توسط جی‌جی‌وو صورتبندی شده است به میان می‌آید.
روش شناسی
تحقیق حاضر میکوشد با روشی تحلیلی و با استفاده از داده های کیفی بدست آمده از کتابخانه به بررسی چرایی و چگونگی تحول نظری و تجربی در دولت توسعه‌گرا بپردازد.مدل دولت توسعه‌گرای لفتویچ و دولت توسعه‌گرای هوشمند جی‌جی‌وو چارچوب نظری و هنگ‌کنگ مورد مطالعاتی تحقیق حاضر را تشکیل میدهند.
یافته ها
دولت توسعه‌گرا زاده معجزه آسیای شرقی در دهه‌های 1970 تا 1990 بود و مطالعات نظری نیز اغلب بر نقاط قوت این مدل پرداختند اما این مدل کلاسیک در مواجهه با بحران‌های عملی نیز دچار اغتشاشات نظری گردید.یعنی تاثیرات تجربه عینی و واقعی بر نظریه دو بحران معرفت شناختی گریبانگیر مدل کلاسیک دولت توسعه‌گرا شده است: 1-ظهور دولت توسعه‌گرای غیر آسیایی 2- ضعف‌ها و محدودیت‌های نظری.
بحران‌های مالی مانند بحران شرق آسیا 1997 و بحران جهانی 2008،دیجیتالیزه شدن اقتصاد،جهانی شدن نئولیبرالی و نظایر اینها قوت مداخله گرایی و توانایی حل بحران توسط مدل کلاسیک دولت توسعه‌گرا را به چالش کشید و مشخص شد این دولتها آنچنان که تصور میشد از عهده حل بحران شرق آسیا برنیامدند.
یافته های تحقیق حاضر نشان میدهد که نخبگان توسعه‌گرا،سازمان راهبری،استقلال نسبی دولت،جامعه مدنی ضعیف،مدیریت منافع بخش خصوصی و مشروعیت عملکردی عناصر مدل کلاسیک است که در مدل هوشمند با دیجیتالیسم و فناوری ترکیب شده است.دولت توسعه‌گرای کلاسیک در مواجهه با چالشهای نظری و تجربی و نیز مواجهه با دیجیتالیسم و فناوری دچار تحول شده و از مدل کلاسیک فاصله گرفته و خود را با دیجیتالیسم و فناوری تطبیق داده است.دولت هنگ‌کنگ بعنوان نمونه ای که تقریبا دارای عناصر و ویژگیهای دولت توسعه‌گرای کلاسیک است با اجرای طرحهای هوشمندسازی شهر و دیجیتالی کردن اقتصاد و بازارهای مالی و تاثیراتی که این سیاستها بر دولت و جامعه گذاشته اند به سمت مدل دولت توسعه‌گرای هوشمند جی‌جی‌وو گذار کرده است. دولت توسعه‌گرای کلاسیک هنگ‌کنگ در مواجهه با بحران مالی آسیا 1997 و بحران جهانی 2008 و نیز دیجیتالیسم اقتصادی و نسل جدید فناوری‌ها در قرن بیست و یکم با هدایت و نقش آفرینی دولت اجرایی توانست طرح بزرگ شهر هوشمند را اتخاذ و اجرایی نماید که این طرح باعث تغییراتی در ویژگی‌های مدل کلاسیک شده است.
نتیجه گیری
دولت توسعه‌گرا در مواجهه با چالش‌های نظری و بحران‌های عملی پیش آمده از جانب آزادسازی،دیجیتالیسم و فناوری دچار تغییر و تطوراتی گردید و به سمت دولت توسعه‌گرای هوشمند گذار نمود.جی‌جی‌وو ویزگی هایی که برای چنین دولتی قائل است همان ویژگی‌های دولت توسعه‌گرای لفتویچ است که رنگ و بوی فناوری و دیجیتالیسم به خود گرفته اند.دولت توسعه‌گرای هوشمند نسخه کاملا جدا از مدل کلاسیک نیست.بلکه نسخه به روز رسانی شده آنست.
دولت توسعه‌گرای کلاسیک هنگ‌کنگ در مواجهه با بحران مالی آسیا 1997 و بحران جهانی 2008 و نیز دیجیتالیسم اقتصادی و نسل جدید فناوری‌ها در قرن بیست و یکم با هدایت و نقش آفرینی دولت اجرایی توانست طرح بزرگ شهر هوشمند را اتخاذ و اجرایی نماید که این طرح باعث تغییراتی در ویژگی‌های مدل کلاسیک شده است عناصر دولت توسعه گرای هوشمند در هنگ کنگ که  شاهد حفظ ویزگیهای مدنظر لفتویچ با عناصر هوشمند و فناور هستیم.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Transition from Classical Developmental State to Smart Developmental State (Case Study: Hong Kong)

نویسندگان [English]

  • saeed safi 1
  • Rajab Izadi 2
1 PhD Candidate in Political Science - Public Policy, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

 
Introduction
The passage of time has created theoretical and empirical challenges for the developmental State. As the classical model of the second half of the twentieth century was unable to continue explaining development in the digital and technological era, this concept must adapt itself to the requirements of the digital and technological era. This is where the new model of developmental State, namely the smart developmental State formulated by j. j. Woo, comes into play.
Methodology
The present study attempts to examine the why and how of the theoretical and empirical transformation in the developmental State using an analytical method and qualitative data obtained through library research.
Results and discussion
The developmental state was born of the East Asian miracle in the 1970s to 1990s, and theoretical studies often focused on the strengths of this model, but this classic model also suffered theoretical turmoil in the face of practical crises. That is, the effects of objective and real experience on the theory of two epistemological crises have beset the classical model of the developmental state: 1- The emergence of the non-Asian developmental state; 2- Theoretical weaknesses and limitations.
Financial crises such as the East Asian crisis of 1997 and the global crisis of 2008, the digitalization of the economy, neoliberal globalization, and the like challenged the strength of interventionism and the ability to solve the crisis by the classical model of the developmental state, and it became clear that these governments were not able to solve the East Asian crisis as was thought.
The findings of the present study show that developmental elites, governance organization, relative independence of the government, weak civil society, management of private sector interests, and functional legitimacy are elements of the classical model that are combined with digitalism and technology in the smart model. The classical developmental State has undergone transformation in the face of theoretical and empirical challenges as well as digitalism and technology, and has distanced itself from the classical model and adapted itself to digitalism and technology. The Hong Kong government, as an example that almost has the elements and characteristics of the classical developmental government, has transitioned towards the J. J. Woo’s smart developmental State model by implementing smart city projects and digitalizing the economy and financial markets, and the effects that these policies have had on the government and society. In the face of the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2008 global crisis, as well as economic digitalization and the new generation of technologies in the 21st century, the classical developmental State of Hong Kong, with the guidance and role of the executive government, was able to adopt and implement the grand smart city plan, which has led to changes in the characteristics of the classical model.
Conclusion
In the face of theoretical challenges and practical crises arising from liberalization, digitalism, and technology, the developmental state underwent changes and developments and transitioned to a smart developmental state. J. J. Woo attributes the features of such a state to the features of Leftwich's developmental state, which have taken on the color and flavor of technology and digitalism. The smart developmental state is not a completely separate version of the classical model. Rather, it is an updated version of it. Hong Kong's classical developmental state, faced with the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the 2008 global crisis, as well as economic digitalism and the new generation of technologies in the 21st century, was able to adopt and implement the grand plan of the smart city with the guidance and role of the executive government, which has caused changes in the features of the classical model. Elements of the smart developmental state in Hong Kong, which we see maintaining the features considered by Leftwich with intelligent and technological elements.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hong Kong
  • Developmental State
  • Leftwich
  • JJ Woo
  • smart Developmental State

مراجع

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هایامی، یوجیرو (1394). اقتصاد توسعه؛ فقر و ثروت ملل، ترجمه غلامرضا آزاد، تهران، نی.
 
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